Friday, October 26, 2007

What Relation Id Ta To The Tm Of The Primers

The VHF FM IF with EF89 and EF91 2x 6BN6

Darius FM tuner circuit and images
description of the EC900 EF95 input and mixing part
A few words about the ratio detector
tube stereo decoder implementation with example
The VHF FM IF with EF89 2x 6BN6 and EF91
Low Phase Noise - push-pull input section with ECC91/6J6

During the construction of an FM IF tubes are the radios from the 50s and 60s is not an appropriate role model. The IF stages of these radios can not sufficiently specific to the requirements that an FM IF requires, be established as they may also have to process the IF AM. In an AM IF selection and amplification can take place over several stages. However, it has also recognized that the selection takes place immediately after the mixing stage, the silver bullet. be in a good FM receiver selection and limitation are consecutive in the order: filter-limiter-demodulator.
The selection shall be made exclusively through the filter, not in the limiter, or even im Demodulator. Der Demodulator ist so breitbandig auszulegen, dass mindestens der Filterdurchlassbereich im linearen Teil der Demodulator S- Kurve liegt. Zum Aufbau einer Begrenzerstufe muss man die Röhren dazu bringen das Eingangssignal zu begrenzen. Nun sind Röhren allgemein für ihre Fähigkeit bekannt besonders linear zu verstärken. Entsprechend schwierig ist es darum mit den üblichen Verstärkerröhren Begrenzer zu bauen. Deshalb gibt es speziell für diesen Zweck die gated beam tube ( 6BN6 ). Informationen zur 6BN6 könnt Ihr von da downloaden. Beim üblicherweise verwendeten Pentodenbegrenzer wird eine steile Pentode mit niedriger g2 Spannung betrieben. Das g1 wird wie beim Audion über eine RC- Kombination angeschlossen. So wird eine Klemmung an der g-k Diode erreicht. Durch die hohe Steilheit und die niedrige g2 Spannung sperrt die Röhre bereits bei geringer negativer Gitterspannung. Der lineare Aussteuerungsbereich ist also nur klein. So sollen Amplitudenschwankungen begrenzt werden.

Die Begrenzung nach "unten" ist nicht so stark wie nach "oben" weil der Kennlinienknick nicht scharf ist. Dies versucht man durch eine zweite Stufe auszugleichen. Die Spannung am Gitterkondensator muss wie beim Audion der Amplitudenmodulation folgen können. Dies ist bei schnellem Wechsel von grossen auf kleine Signalamplituden schwer möglich, da der Widerstand den Kondensator nicht unendlich can quickly be discharged. It then comes to reception dropouts. But not the 6BN6 their grid circuit time constant is free.

not a neglected aspect in Pentodenbegrenzer is that the small linear region in the main, the upper peaks of the detected vibration signal. In the linear range "sees" only the pentode trapezoidal sections of the sinusoidal IF signal. The area of these trapezoids becomes smaller with higher IF amplitude. As a result, the anode current pulses are pulse width modulated. This PWM is converted in the following circuit in AM. Thus one needs endless number Pentodenbegrenzer is an AM-free signal to obtain.
When 6BN6 the cathode voltage is set so dass eine vom Tastgrad symmetrische Begrenzung stattfindet. Die 6BN6 gated beam tube ist der Schlüssel zu erstklassigen FM- ZF- Begrenzerstufen und somit eine der wichtigsten Röhrenentwicklungen im Bereich der FM-Radiotechnik.
Hier beschreibe ich die FM ZF mit der 6BN6 aus diesem Empfänger genauer. An der Anode der selbstschwingenden Mischstufe mit der EF95 ist ein Koppelfilter mit drei Kreisen angeschlossen.


Nach einer Verstärkerstufe mit der EF89 folgt ein zweikreisiges Koppelfilter. Beide Filter dienen der Selektion des Frequenzbandes. Die gemischt induktive und kapazitive Kopplung ermöglicht es die Filterflanken exakt spiegelsymmetrisch to the center frequency (10.7 MHz) to match. The IF amplifier stage with the EF89 works linear. On the screen grid voltage, the maximum gain of this stage is set. the peak of the IF where, on the value of the lattice Katodenvorspannung, by clamping the g1 delayed control voltage for the EC900 produced at the tuner. The EF89 is neutralized through the screen grid. To the double-circuit coupling filter is followed by a two-stage limiter with the gated beam tubes 6BN6.

your control grid are direct current through the inductor circuit directly to ground. The coupling filter between the gated beam tubes is very broadband and do not contribute to the selection bei, ist also kein Bandfilter. Es dient nur zur Kopplung der Begrenzerstufen. Damit die Begrenzung symmetrisch zur Nulllinie erfolgt, sind die Katodenwiderstände der 6BN6 Begrenzerstufen einzeln einstellbar. Nach der zweiten Begrenzerstufe folgt noch eine Verstärkerstufe mit der EF91 um genügend ZF Leistung für den Ratiodetektor zu bekommen. Diese Stufe ist kpazitiv an die Anode der 6BN6 gekoppelt. Die 6BN6 erhält eine breitbandige Parallelspeisung mit Resonanzdrossel (RFC). Die Verstärkung der EF89 wird so eingestellt, dass die Begrenzer ab einer Antennenspannung von 50dBµV sicher begrenzen. Die Einstellung der symmetrischen Begrenzung erfolgt mit den Einstellern an den Katodenwiderständen der 6BN6 ohne Signal auf maximales Noise.

This setting is a perfect work of the limiter is very important. During tube replacement is required. The gated beam tubes 6BN6 are sensitive to magnetic fields from power supply. Therefore, they are shielded with thick iron to magnetic fields.

Glossary: \u200b\u200b

coupling filter is a bandpass filter whose bandwidth by the degree of coupling is determined in the same resonance frequency set individual circuits. Note: Capacitive coupling has high-pass effect, inductive coupling low-pass effect. An additional capacitive coupling can ever make on the phase of the coupling of either solid or loose. In contrast, when Verstimmungsfilter der Durchlassbereich durch gegeneinander verstimmte (Einzel-) Kreise bestimmt.

Demodulator S-Kurve Ergibt sich beim Wobbeln des Demodulators. Zeichnet man die Ausgangsspannung des FM Demodulators, hier Ratiodetektor, als Funktion der Frequenz bei linearer Teilung auf, ergibt sich etwa ein liegendes S. Auf dem Mittelpunkt der Strecke zwischen den beiden Bögen liegt die Mittenfrequenz. Zur richtigen Abstimmung dient die Mittenanzeige am Empfänger.

Letzte Bearbeitung am 1.Oktober 2008


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Thursday, October 18, 2007

Oval Vinyl Table Covers

tube stereo decoder with sample introduction

Darius FM tuner circuit and images
description of the EC900 EF95 input and mixing part
A few words about the ratio detector
tube stereo decoder implementation with example
The VHF FM IF with EF89 2x 6BN6 and EF91
Low Phase Noise - push-pull input section with ECC91/6J6


A stereo decoder with tubes is of course a "must" for a tube FM project. Basically, the stereo decoder divided into two groups.
Group 1: Most common are the switching or multiplex decoder. In these, the output signal from FM demodulator to a demultiplexer is given. The output of the VHF FM demodulator is described as stereo multiplex signal .
With a clock frequency of 38KHz this multiplex signal (short: MPX) signal at the right time then switched to the left and right channels.
Group 2: Much less frequently ( RT50) to non-existent, the mixing decoder as shown in the blog featured. They work purely analog as known by the superheterodyne ago. A filter at the entrance filters out the carrier- stereo difference signal from the MPX signal from the FM demodulator. In a product detector is now demodulated by using the 38KHz carrier frequency difference signal. In a (resistance) matrix is \u200b\u200bobtained by superimposing the low-difference signal with the composite signal then the left and right channels. For such tasks analog tubes are of course ideal.

As an introduction to this technique is shown here 1990 model ideal.
For all I know you have the 38KHz stereo decoder with the 19KHz pilot tone gain. The easiest way to a Pilottonverdoppler to PLL systems Johnson divider.
In multiplex decoders (Group 1) is the easiest demultiplexer aus Schalt- Dioden. Nahezu alle diskreten Multiplexdecoder arbeiten so. Wird bei einem solchen Stereodecoder die Schaltfrequenz mit einer (Pilottonverdoppler) Röhre erzeugt, dann geht das in Hifi Kreisen schon als Röhren Stereodecoder durch. ( Link , Link , Link )
Beim Mischdecoder (2.Gruppe) wird mit einen Tiefpass das Summensignal also das mono Signal, abgetrennt. Dann gelangt es zur Matrix. Diese Stufen sind in Teil 1 des Schaltbildes unten zu sehen. Der Tiefpass besteht aus L1 C1 R2. (C2 ist ein Koppelkondensator. Das Gitter der folgenden Verstärkerstufe liegt nicht auf Massepotential.) R3 und R4 bilden mit C3 die Deemphasis für the sum signal. The de-emphasis is the 1990 model that is before the matrix. The de-emphasis of the difference signal occurs before the mixer, that is carrier-. More on that later. With VR1, the level of the sum signal can be adjusted.




The 2nd Shows the circuit part Pilottonaufbereitung and 38KHz carrier recovery. The MPX signal passes through a high pass from C8 L2. About R14 passes it to a 19KHz resonant circuit L3 C9 VC1 of the 19KHz pilot tone filter out. R14 determines the goodness of this circle. Through the coupling capacitor C10 reaches the pilot tone on the grille of the ECC83. The bias generated by the starting current. It turns to eine von der Pilottonamplitude abhängige Gittervorspannung ein, die die Triode in der Verstärkung regelt. Amplitudenschwankungen des Pilottones werden so einigermassen ausgeglichen. Um die Rückwirkung der Gitter- Anodenkapazität zu kompensieren, ist der Neutralisationskondensator Cn angebracht. Die Katodynstufe und der push push Verdoppler wurden nachgerüstet und sind ein Tribut an das nicht kompatible Radio Daten System RDS. (Statt BAT... kann man auch eine Röhre verwenden.) Diese Art der Verdopplung hat gegenüber der sonnst üblichen Aussiebung der Oberwelle den Vorteil, dass keine 19KHz Reste mehr im 38KHz Träger enthalten sind. So wird vermieden, dass die dritte Oberwelle des Pilottones das RDS Signal in den Hörbereich mixed. To the anode of the Triodensystems ECH81 the 38KHz oscillator is coupled via C14 loose. The loose coupling of the parties of R14 and C14 not only allows the parties to adjust to maximum probes, including the phase of the 38KHz carrier to carrier-frequency difference signal to synchronize properly. At R25, the carrier is the, for a multiplicative mixture with the ECH81, of required amplitude. By clamping on g3 the ECH result is a negative rectified voltage from the Magic fan EM71 appears.



Now that the 38KHz carrier is recovered can, down to the product detector circuit part 3, the LR and RL signal for the matrix can be obtained. The resonant circuit of C18 L5 C19 is tuned to 38KHz and filters out the carrier frequency difference signal. R27 determines the goodness of the circle. The quality circle is set so that the demodulated signal, the de-emphasis is required. Advantage of the carrier-emphasis, is the noise that are distant from the front of the mixer 38KHz are strongly attenuated. This minimizes unwanted mixing products. About C20 trägerfequente the difference signal goes to the de-emphasis on the g1 Mischhexode. Your bias is generated within the model 1990 from the starting current. This causes a more extreme stereo effects without increasing total of the base width.



With this basic knowledge, which provides, together with the circuit described above explanation is the functioning of all tube stereo decoder of this type clearly. In another blog I am based on that, explain that stereo decoder.


Glossary
Stereo Decoder: He decodes the signal from FM demodulator, the left and right channels.
carrier frequency technology : transmission of several additional "news" with the help of sub-carriers in a "news" channel. Here: In addition to the sum signal (mono = L + R), the signal difference left minus right channel (LR) to a 38KHz subcarrier in amplitude modulation with suppressed carrier (DSB). When you hear the signal from directly, you can only see the sum signal (L + R) was. The carrier-difference signal is involved in the ultrasonic range.
stereo multiplex signal : between the left channel (L) and the right channel (R) is connected with a Überhörfrequenz from 38KHz to and fro. Listening to this multiplex signal from directly, you can only see the sum signal (L + R) was. You hear so mono because the switching occurs so quickly that the ear does not differentiate the switching process can. A demultiplexer operates to the synchronous multiplexer, can again be divided into left and right channels. When multiplexing from the left and right channel is created the same spectrum as the mixing of the differential signal to a subcarrier in DSB. Therefore, the transmitter and the receiver side, both methods are used.
Johnson divider : A flip-flop frequency divider which supplies at its outputs by 90 degrees phase shifted signals. Thus, phase comparison, a can be generated with the reference frequency (here, the pilot tone) in phase signal lying in a PLL system with XOR. (For example, the stereo decoder TA7342P and other IC's)
22/10/2008

The english translation under construction.


A valve based stereo decoder is a must in a valve VHF FM tuner project. There are two kinds of stereo multiplex decoders one is time division and the other is frequency division. Time division multiplex is most commonly used. This blog explains a valve based frequency division multiplex decoder.
In the time division topology the output signal of the FM demodulator (stereo multiplex signal, MPX) goes to a 1-to-2 demultiplexer . A clock frequency of 38KHz is generated in the decoder and switches the MPX signal to produce the left and right audio signal.
The frequency division topology is seldom seen stereo decoders. They are analogue and work in the way like a superhet receiver does. A filter at the input filters the subcarrier modulated left minus right signal (DSB L-R ) from the MPX signal. This signal is input to a product detector . This product detector mixes the DSB L-R subcarrier with the 38KHz carrier frequency generated in the decoder. L-R is output of the detector. In a (resistor) matrix the mono signal L+R is superimposed with the L-R signal to get left and right audio output. For analogue tasks like this valves are predestined.

The Model 1990 shown in this blog is an excellent introduction in this topology. As far as I know all kinds of stereo decoders get their 38KHz carrier from the 19KHz pilot sound. 38KHz is generated easily by doubling the pilot sound up to more complex systems using a Johnson divider.
In time division stereo decoders the demultiplexer is most easily made of switching diodes. Most of the discrete time division decoders work this way. If the clock frequency is generated by a valve some hifi enthusiasts are calling it a valve stereo decoder. ( Link , Link , Link )

In frequency division stereo decoders a low pass filter separates the mono signal (L+R) from the MPX signal and is input to a stereo matrix. These stages are shown in part one of the schematic below. The low pass consists of L1 C1 R2. C2 is a coupling cap, note that the grid of the ECC82 is not at ground potential. R3 R4 and C3 are making the de-emphasis for the (L+R) signal. VR1 makes the L-R level adjustable. In the Model 1990 the L+R de-emphasis is at the input of the matrix. The de-emphasis for the L-R signal is made at the sub carrier frequency at the input of the L-R mixer. Later more about this. The cathodyne stage makes L-R and L+R. These components are input to the stereo matrix.



continued...
21.Mai 2008



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Wednesday, October 17, 2007

Who Has Won The Most Player Football Trophies

A few words about the ratio detector

Darius UKW Tuner Schaltung und Bilder
Beschreibung des EC900 EF95 Eingangs- und Mischteils
A few words about the ratio detector
tube stereo decoder implementation with example
The VHF FM IF with EF89 2x 6BN6 and EF91
Low Phase Noise - push-pull input section with ECC91/6J6

A few words the ratio detector general. In tube receivers, the IF gain is usually not so high that even the noise of the precursor is limited. For weak signals it then leaves the ratio detector, the limit. In addition, the output of the last IF stage is not always the same. It depends on, inter alia, the operating voltage and the tube aging. This Influences balance is also an object of the ratio detector. The ratio detector is a dynamic limiter . Although the shares are AM suppressed within the audio range, but the average of the IF amplitude ratio determines the voltage on the capacitor and thus the average low-frequency amplitude. This means a weak signal which produces a smaller voltage ratio, is quieter than a total of a strong signal that generates high voltage ratio. Now it is for the stereo decoder already of importance that the Pilottonamplitude and in relation to the other signal amplitudes a certain value or exceed. Also, the position of the volume control the amplifier, depend to a certain loudness, not the strength of the received signal. Many radio receivers is therefore the ratio detector, a low frequency amplifier stage in a high μ triode Gittervorspannungserzeugung downstream from the starting current. (Eg 10nF EABC80 10Meg Ohm) It causes an adjustment of the loudness at the expense of dynamics.
I have this problem with a Triodenstufe, the forward-regulated depending on the voltage ratio is thus controlled resolved. Only the ratio detector in conjunction with the controlled low frequency element of it is a complete FM demodulator.

Last updated March 4, 2008



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-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 United States License .